In this article we will take a look at Hydrocotyle leucocephala. This is a fairly common aquarium plant which is easy to find, but that can have very interesting characteristics, such as a wide adaptability to various aquarium conditions and the possibility of growing above ground.Description of Hydrocotyle leucocephala Hydrocotyle leucocephala is a plant of the Apiaceae family, the same family as carrots, caraway, parsnips and parsley. Incidentally, if you try to...

The exchange capacity of aquarium substrates is very often mentioned in discussions between aquarists, in aquarium substrate sheets and in various other cases. What does this mean? Let's see! Exchange capacity Substrates and soils contain net (i.e. non-equilibrium) electrical charges. Depending on the type of resulting net charge - positive or negative - we will have different exchange capacities.Cation exchange capacity (CSC - CEC) Substrates containing particles known as aluminosilicates, i.e. crystals composed of aluminium...

In this article we will look at the functions of filters in a freshwater aquarium, the various types of filtration and how to put filter media in the filter. Let's start right away!The purpose of the filter The purpose of aquarium filters is - as the name suggests - to filter the water. There are usually three types of filtration in aquaria:mechanical filtration chemical filtration biological filtration.As we will see later,...

In this article we will look at the Easy-Life fertilisation protocol, showing the various products that make up the protocol and how to best use them.Easy-Life was founded in 1998 in the Netherlands and has since developed a unique separate element fertilisation protocol, which consists of a base fertiliser to be supplemented as required. Let us now look at the components of this protocol.Trace elements supplements Easy-Life Profito Profito is the basic...

Today we will talk about Apistogramma bitaeniata, a wonderful highly poly-chromatic species with a quite awkward behavior!Distribution of Apistogramma bitaeniata A. bitaeniata has a wide distribution: it could be found in Perù, Colombia and Brasil, in Rio Ucaya, Rio Nanay. Rio Ampiyacu (Perù), in the region near Leticia (Colombia) and in Rio Madeira, Rio Solimoes and Lake Tefé (Brasil).Natural Habitat of Apistogramma bitaeniata A. bitaeniata lives in shallow streams with a...